Slowing US inflation may have opened the door for the Federal Reserve to temper the pace of coming interest rate hikes, but policymakers left no doubt they will continue to tighten monetary policy until price pressures are fully broken.
A US Labour Department report Wednesday showing consumer prices didn't rise at all in July compared with June was just one step in what policymakers said would be a long process, with a red-hot job market and suddenly buoyant equity prices suggesting the economy needs more of the cooling that would come from higher borrowing costs.
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The Fed is "far, far away from declaring victory" on inflation, Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank President Neel Kashkari said at the Aspen Ideas Conference, despite the "welcome" news in the CPI report.
Kashkari said he hasn't "seen anything that changes" the need to raise the Fed's policy rate to 3.9 per cent by year-end and to 4.4 per cent by the end of 2023.
The rate is currently in the 2.25 per cent-2.5 per cent range.
To be sure, Kashkari is the Fed's most hawkish member; most of his 18 colleagues believe a little less policy tightening may be enough to do the trick to bring prices under better control.
San Francisco Fed President Mary Daly, in an interview with the Financial Times, also warned it is far too early for the US central bank to "declare victory" in its fight against inflation.
However, Daly said that a half-percentage point rate rise was her "baseline" but did not rule out a third consecutive 0.75 per cent point rate rise at the central bank's next policy meeting in September, according to the report.
Calling inflation "unacceptably" high, Chicago Fed President Charles Evans said he believes the Fed will likely need to lift its policy rate to 3.25 per cent-3.5 per cent this year and to 3.75 per cent-4 per cent by the end of next year, in line with what Fed Chair Jerome Powell signaled after the Fed's latest meeting in July.
Still, he said, the CPI report marks the first "positive" reading on inflation since the Fed began raising interest rates in March in increasing increments -- a quarter of a percentage point to start, then a half a point, and then three-quarters-of-a-percentage point in both June and July.
After Wednesday's CPI report, traders of futures tied to the Fed's benchmark interest rate pared bets on a third straight 75-basis-point hike at its Sept. 20-21 policy meeting, and now see a half-point increase as the more likely option.
Equity markets took a similar cue on hopes for a less aggressive central bank, with the S&P 500 rising 2.1 per cent.
Financial markets are currently pricing a top fed funds rate of 3.75 per cent by year-end, with rate cuts to follow next year, presumably as policymakers move to counter economic weakness.
Kashkari called that scenario unrealistic, and said Fed policymakers are "united" in their determination to bring inflation down to the Fed's 2 per cent target. The risk of recession "will not deter me" from advocating for what's needed to do so, he said.
For the Fed to scale back, fresh inflation data will need to confirm the idea that price increases are slowing.
The consumer price index rose 8.5 per cent in July from a year earlier, Wednesday's report showed. While that marked a drop from June's 9.1 per cent rate, prices are still rising at levels not seen since the 1970s and early 1980s. Food prices in July were up 11 per cent from the year before, devastating for lower income families in particular.