As members of Parliament debate how to stop Iran's violent crackdown on human rights, experts say Canada has limited leverage to pressure the regime.
Large protests have erupted across Iran since Mahsa Amini died in police custody earlier this month. Iran's morality police had detained the 22-year-old, allegedly because her head scarf was too loose.
In response, women have burned their hijabs during large scale protests across the country that have prompted Iranian security forces to push back with a brutality unseen for years. At the same time, the regime has been beset by a drought and soaring inflation, while its supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, is bedridden.
On Monday, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said Canada will sanction senior Iranian officials, including those working for the morality police. No list of sanctions targets had been published as of Tuesday afternoon.
The Conservatives have urged Ottawa repeatedly to follow through on a motion the House of Commons adopted in 2018 to designate the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which is part of the country's army, as a terror group.
But experts argue neither policy will do much to pressure the Iranian regime.
WATCH | Protests held around the world after death of Mahsa Amini in Iran:
Protesters in Greece cut their hair and set fire to a headscarf on Saturday after the death of Mahsa Amini following her arrest by Iran's morality police. Demonstrators also gathered in Washington and Berlin to show solidarity with those protesting in Iran.
Thomas Juneau, a University of Ottawa international affairs professor specializing in Iran, said the IRGC has undoubtedly committed terrorism in Iran and abroad. But he said the parliamentary motion was unenforceable.
"It's symbolic politics. It's not actually getting something done," he said.
That's because Iran has conscripted millions into the corps over time. The list would include people such as a man who served as a cook in the corps for two years in the 1990s, Juneau said, adding that Canada would have no interest in extending a terrorist designation to every person who has been a part of the group.
Trying to limit sanctions to those who have taken part in terrorism would require identifying the individuals and monitoring them, Juneau said. Ottawa would either need to spend vastly more money or let other sanctions go unmonitored.
"The drain on resources would be massive, and the reality is we are nowhere near a point where we can do that," he said.
He suspects that's why the Liberals haven't gone ahead with the terrorism designation. But both Trudeau and Foreign Affairs Minister Mélanie Joly refused to provide an explanation when asked multiple times on Monday.
Juneau said Canada could better target visa bans and sanctions to senior members of the Iranian regime who have family or business interests in Canada, some of whom are accused of laundering money.
"That is where Canada could do things that are much more targeted, and we'd have more of an impact," Juneau said. "We are fairly lax at that level."
This year, retired Iranian police commander Morteza Talaei confirmed that January social-media photos of him exercising at a Richmond Hill, Ont. gym were genuine. Iranian diaspora groups questioned how he got a Canadian visa after overseeing Tehran's police force during a time of numerous human-rights abuses.
Jessica Davis, a former analyst for the Canadian Security Intelligence Service who specializes in counter-terrorism financing legislation, said she doubts individual sanctions would do much to pressure the regime.
But she said those individual sanctions probably would be more effective than putting the revolutionary guard corps on the terrorism list.
"Canada has very a limited enforcement capability," said Davis, who now leads Insight Threat Intelligence. There are "very few people" doing deep analysis of foreign assets in this country, she said.
WATCH | Top UN official calls for independent investigation into death of Mahsa Amini:
Shadi Sadr, human rights lawyer and executive director of Justice for Iran joins The Rundown to discuss calls from the UN high commissioner for human rights for an independent investigation into the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini, who died last week after being apprehended by morality police.
NDP foreign affairs critic Heather McPherson said that means Canada needs to think outside the box.
"Let's make sure it's not just words, but we are actually following through with concrete things," said the Edmonton MP.
She noted that Russians have found ways to get around Canada's sanctions, and meanwhile, Canadian anti-terrorism laws have blocked aid groups from getting help to desperate Afghans living under the Taliban regime.
Last week, she convinced the House subcommittee on international human rights to study violence against women in Iran, Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan. In planned hearings, McPherson said MPs will ask citizens of those countries how Canada can help.
"I need to have that conversation with Iranians," she said.
Diaspora wants multilateral response, MP says
Liberal MP Ali Ehsassi, whose Willowdale riding in Toronto has a large Iranian population, said the diaspora wants a multilateral response.
Ehsassi said he's urged fellow Liberals and American officials to do more, such as convening an emergency United Nations meeting and fact-finding mission about human rights in Iran.
"We have every right to ask for the global community to listen to their plight, and to do as much as we possibly can," said Ehsassi, who chairs the House foreign affairs committee.
He said that might result in countries pausing negotiations to restore Iran's nuclear deal until it stops suppressing human-rights protests. The deal seeks to allow Iran to produce energy while limiting its capacity to produce weapons.
Stephen Harper's Conservative government suspended Canada's diplomatic relations with Iran in 2012, and Joly said this week that there are no plans to change that stance.
In January, 2020, Iranian officials shot down a Ukraine International Airlines flight, killing dozens of Canadian citizens and permanent residents. Ottawa says its attempts to seek reparations for families have been futile.