RF Buche, whose family has been in the grocery business since 1905, operates the sole full-service supermarket on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. This vast area, larger than Delaware, is home to approximately 32,000 members of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. Buche's store plays a crucial role in a community where unemployment is near 80% and over half the residents live below the federal poverty line.
The challenges faced by Buche Foods mirror those of independent grocers across rural America. Since July 2020, grocery prices have surged by 21%, putting pressure on both consumers and retailers. In 2023, Americans spent 11.2% of their disposable income on groceries, up from 8.6% in 2020, according to USDA data.
Independent grocers like Buche are particularly vulnerable in this economic climate. They lack the purchasing power of retail giants like Walmart, which alone accounts for about one-third of the $1 trillion U.S. grocery market. This disparity often results in higher prices for small stores, with Buche reporting that he pays suppliers 20% to 40% more than he did five years ago.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC), established in 1914, is currently challenging the proposed $24.6 billion merger between Kroger and Albertsons on antitrust grounds. This case highlights concerns about market consolidation, which has seen grocery store numbers fall by 30% between 1994 and 2019.
Competition from dollar stores poses another significant threat to independent grocers. Dollar General, for instance, has expanded rapidly into rural areas, offering lower prices on smaller-sized products. While Dollar General has committed to providing fresh produce in about 25% of its stores, critics argue that these retailers don't offer the same community benefits as local grocers.
Independent stores like Buche Foods often serve as community anchors, providing more than just food. They create local jobs, support community events, and offer personalized assistance to customers in need. For example, Buche provides grocery gift cards to seniors and donates food to various community causes.
The Robinson-Patman Act of 1936, which prohibits price discrimination by suppliers, has seen little enforcement in recent decades. FTC Commissioner Alvaro Bedoya has signaled intentions to revive this law, recognizing that its dormancy has disproportionately affected rural and low-income communities.
"The people that work here are really bonded, it's like a family."
As the debate over food pricing and market dynamics continues, the fate of independent grocers like RF Buche remains uncertain. Their struggle highlights the complex interplay between pricing, competition, and community needs in America's food landscape.