Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres, with a population of just 3.5 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.

Some of the key events about Mongolia

1206
The Mongol Empire was founded, uniting nomadic tribes into a powerful nation
1206
Widespread destruction and loss of life as Mongol Empire began its conquests
1241
The Mongol Empire reached its greatest territorial extent, spanning from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan
1368
Collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty in China, leading to Mongolia's decline
1636
Manchu Qing Dynasty subjugated Inner Mongolia, splitting the Mongol people
1911
Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Bogd Khanate
1911
Outer Mongolia declared independence, but faced years of political instability
1919
Chinese troops occupied Outer Mongolia, ending its autonomy
1921
The Mongolian People's Republic was established, marking the beginning of socialist rule
1924
Mongolia became a Soviet satellite state, adopting communist policies
1932
Violent purges of Buddhist lamas and destruction of monasteries began
1939
Battle of Khalkhin Gol resulted in significant Mongolian casualties
1961
Mongolia joined the United Nations, gaining international recognition
1990
Mongolia transitioned to a multi-party democracy and market economy
1990
Economic crisis following the collapse of the Soviet Union
1992
A new democratic constitution was adopted, establishing a parliamentary republic
2002
The last smallpox death in the world was removed from Mongolia's records, confirming global eradication
2008
Post-election riots in Ulaanbaatar led to five deaths and declaration of state of emergency
2011
Mongolia experienced a mining boom, becoming one of the world's fastest-growing economies
2016
The Tavan Tolgoi coal mine project was launched, one of the world's largest untapped coking and thermal coal deposits

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